Blackwell Reference Online

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Ali M. Ansari is Reader in the Modern History of the Middle East, University of St Andrews. He is the author of Modern Iran Since 1921 , London, 2003, and Iran, Islam and Democracy , London, 2000. Michael E. Bonine , Ph.D., University of Texas at Austin, is Professor of Geography and Professor and Head of Near Eastern Studies at the University of Arizona in Tucson, Arizona. He has written extensively on urbanism and urbanization in the Islamic Middle East, originally focused on Iran from fieldwork in the early 1970s. In 1982–9 he also served as Executive Director of the Middle East Studies Association of North America. His publications include: Population, Poverty, and Politics in Middle East Cities (ed.) (1997); with E. Ehlers, T. Krafft, and G. Stober, The Middle Eastern City and Islamic Urbanism: An Annotated Bibliography in Western Languages (1997); and M. E Bonine and N. R. Keddie (eds), Modern Iran: Dialectics of Continuity and Change (1981). Michael Brett , BA Cantab, Ph.D. London, is Emeritus Reader in the History of North Africa, School of Oriental and African Studies, London. He is author of The Moors: Islam in the West , London (1980); The Berbers (with Elizabeth Fentress), Blackwell, Oxford (1996); Ibn Khaldun and the Medieval Maghrib , Aldershot (1999); The Rise of the Fatimids: The World of the Mediterranean and the Middle East in the Fourth Century of ... log in or subscribe to read full text